فصلنامه تاریخ
پیاپی 70 (پاییز 1402)

We do not have comprehensive information about the largest constituent of society in the last century of Safavid rule, namely farmers. Limited sources describe the general situation of some farmers, which indicates the continuation of poverty in the lives of villagers. The economic situation of the subjects is often projected in the context of their relationship with the category of taxation. But it does not say anything about the exact amount received or its impact on people's quality of life. But it does not say anything about the exact amount received or its impact on people's quality of life. Despite the fact that the Ghezelbas were originally from nomadic tribes and Turkmens, the economic situation of this class of Iranian society at that time has also been ignored in historiographical sources. And their colorful military role in the political-military equations, which forms the framework of historians' views, has obscured their social life and economic functions. Court documents on the economic situation of smallholders, artisans and craftsmen, and the lower classes of urban society as a whole do not add anything to our knowledge. Because these sources are in fact indicative of the bureaucratic structure governing the government mechanisms of that period, and considering their application in the mentioned period, they did not feel the need to address this issue.

Iran's constitutional revolution was the beginning of a meaningful system and an important intellectual, conceptual, political and social transformation in the contemporary history of Iran, which over time led to transformations and the creation of various discourses. Ayatollah Seyed Abdul Hossein Lari from the Sharia-oriented discourse and Sheikh Hadi Najmabadi from the religious modernism discourse both belong to the constitutionalist discourse. The question of the current research is the analytical analysis of the thoughts of Ayatollah Seyyed Abdul Hossein Lari and Sheikh Hadi Najmabadi about the constitution. The method used in this article is the conflict-centered discursive method of Michel Peshu, and by adopting a historical-analytical approach, it examines the opinions and thoughts of two great Shia clerics in the constitutional revolution. The findings of the article indicate that the confrontation of Ayatollah Seyyed Abdul Hossein Lari and Sheikh Hadi Najmabadi with the requirements of the new world and its issues, although it was done by relying on the element of rationality and using logical and reasonable reasoning, but their perception of this category of constitutionalism was different and of course had different consequences.

Kalhor tribe was one of the tribes of the Great West and played a key role in Iran's history coincided with the era. Constitutional Revolution and tyranny Minor issues that affect Kalhor build the political process. Doleh in order to achieve power, and some tribes revolted against the constitution along with Tehran and went on to capture the outcome of one of the tribes that had accompanied Kalhor tribe. Therefore, this study sought to analyze the policies of the constitution and rebellion Kalhor is Doleh. The results showed Kalhor rebellion was initially a supporter of the constitutional revolution, but to revolt Doleh has a dual policy, so that the first and the tribe rebelled against the Skinheads Doleh failure, but later allies rebelled and in seeking to suppress the constitutional raised. This study historical research and descriptive-analytic. Since such research to analyze the various dimensions of the components of ethnicity, identity, ... concerning each of them with My Prdazd rule, finally can be objective framework in the field of people, communities and sectors by tribal and community Shyrh Ay with the rule nodes. Kalhor with dual policy toward al-dominated insurgency had caused the collapse of the tribe in the West country, and with the establishment of Reza Shah's role in the politics of the tribe disappeared.

Jurisprudential and legal texts have been a part of Mazdean literature, these texts start from minor family laws and end with great laws of the state. Legal texts in Avestan language have remained in the books Vendidād, Hērbedestān and Nērangestān, the most of the jurisprudential-legal texts left over from Middle Persian are influenced by Avestan texts. In this article, the author tries to study the jurisprudential-legal questions of the Pahlavi text of the questions (Pursišnīhā), which is one of the valuable texts of Middle Persian, pay attention to importance of legal issues in the Zoroastrian religion. The legal questions raised depict a society whose laws are based on the Avesta Bible as well as the sayings of religious leaders such as Āzarbād Mārspand. Also examining the Avestan quotations of this text, we find that in the book of questions, in addition to the Avestan texts mentioned above, the book of Yasnā has been used, as well as the Avestan legal Nasks that are not available today.

Criticism and refinement of the Hadith of Sir Nasara can be considered as one of the most important hadith research efforts of foreign scholars throughout the history of the Islamic tradition. And since he is the narrator of a large part of the hadith books of Sunnis, Abu Hurairah, who, according to the scholars of the science of men and hadith, narrated more than all the companions of the Prophet , To prove with historical evidence Abu Hurairah was not like other Companions, both in terms of being ahead in Islam and his motivation for believing in the Prophet and following the goals of the Prophet after his death, in order to acknowledge the conclusion he has reached that the role Abu Hurairah is falsifying the hadith.Mahmoud Aburiah is one of the contemporary Egyptian hadith scholars who authored the book "Muhammadi tradition in the passage of history" and "Abu Huraira Sheikh Al-Madirah" while examining the cognitive history of Islamic hadith of a number of its narrators, he did a documentary and textual criticism of Abu Huraira's traditions and using the criteria such as matching the hadiths with the Qur'an and the Sunnah, the non-contradiction of the hadiths with reason, and what has been proven by science has emphasized the fakeness of some of his hadiths. Based on this, this article tries to describe and analyze the data Hadith scholar to analyze and scientifically evaluate the position of Abu Hurairah and his narrations in the scale of criticism of Mahmoud Aburiah.

Beyond the central deserts of Iran, Sistān and Khorāsān formed the eastern states of the Sasanian Empire, which were considered rich and economically prosperous states at the time. On the other hand, although the neighborhood with the eastern nomadic tribes the dangers it posed to their inhabitants but had given them a strategic aspect. Besides, it affected the events of these states extremely. Hence, the Economic, Political, and social situation studies of this region, particularly in the last half-century of the Sasanian dynasty, which finally ended in the downfall of their dynasty, can be considered important. The present study intends to find out the effects that the Economic, Political, and social situation of the Sasanian eastern states had on the fall and conquest there by the Muslim Arabs based on library resources using a descriptive-analytical research method. The research findings suggested that the invasion of nomads and forced migrations to the eastern Sasanian states caused diversity in the demographic composition; there. This factor, along with their lack of political and economic dependence on the central government, doubled the incentive for achieving power among local rulers; Eventually, they caused the fall of the Sasanian dynasty.

 Fatimids (297-567 AH), politically found that Thier government conquered on Qirvan (Africa)in 297 AH /909 BC. They were there until 362 AH. As Shi'ite Fatimids, who were been as a rival and opponent of Abbasid dynasty (because of internal provocations), after failed on Andalusian conquest, they turned their attention toward Mediterranean sea, and particular Sicily was attentioned by Fatimids. The main aim of this paper is, explaining the internal politics of Fatimids during rulling on the Sicily in 362-297 AH. This project try to answer this question that, what is the political strategy of Fatimids caliphates in Sicily concerned about the role of Fatimids governs in Sicily's rulling. Hypothesis of this paper is that, In the first period of rulling Fatimids caliphates, had a decisiveness and hardening politics on Sicily's indigenous. In second period they prefered interaction politics on indigenous & non Muslims. Research methodology in this paper is description analysis of historical sources .

The Islamic world had changed in the fifth and sixth centuries AH that led to the formation of the Almohads governments in the Islamic Maghreb. The flourishing period of the Almohads (543- 610/ 1148- 1213) included, created a new chapter in the developments of the west, attention tribal traditions, recruiting tribes, and securing trade routes, prosper cities and markets, as well as political relations with neighbors and stable interactions, Undoubtedly, it has been effective and important in trade and economic relations, which has not been taken into account. Therefore, the present study with a descriptive-analytical approach and with emphasis on sources answers the question that what factors led to the prosperity of the economy and trade interactions in the Almohads? And what actions did the Almohads caliphs take during this period? The findings of the study indicate that the Almohads in the flourishing period by creating security, interactions and relations, boosted the economy and regulated land and sea trade routes. This enabled them to establish stable trade and economic relations with their neighbors.

The main opposition of the Ismailis' government and thought were the Abbasid Caliphate and the Seljuk monarchy. The Ismailis didn't stop to react and utilized any opportunity to harm them, especially the Seljuk government which was accessible for the Ismailis. The outcome of such conflict was confrontation, positions based on conflict a between the Ismailis and the Seljuks. Thus, studying the background of this continuous and pervasive conflict is an undeniable necessity which will reveal a part of Iran's political and intellectual history. Therefore, the current research investigates the Ismailis movement and its ties and conflict with the Seljuk government by using an analytical- descriptive method. Also, their positions will be studied in different viewpoints. The results of the current research indicated that the relationship of the big Sunni government of the Seljuks with the Ismailis was established as based on the attitude of jurisprudence school of the Sunni scholars. In addition, the lack of a peaceful solution to express dissatisfaction was one of the main reasons for the violence of the Ismaili sect and its conflict with the Seljuk government, the most important result and consequence of which was the radicalization of the political atmosphere and the Ismailis' resorting to terror. The opposite point of this situation was the neglect of the opportunity for dialogue, the use of force to suppress the opposition and the application of social, political, religious and cultural pressures, discrimination and social restrictions by the Seljuks.

The Marjeeh Sect is one of the Islamic sects that first came into being by not judging the Companions of the Prophet (PBUH). Although at the beginning the policy of this sect was to avoid judgment about people and as a result to avoid political controversies, but with the spread of Arjaa's teachings among Muslims and the great popularity of it, the said sect also entered into political conflicts. The Umayyad caliphs made good use of Marjee's tolerant view, which sought to establish peace among Muslims. Because the theoreticians of this sect considered it right to reconcile and get along with the Umayyads. Since the Umayyad caliphs are Muslims, committing a crime does not remove them from the circle of Muslims, and uprising against them is not permissible. Although in many cases this sect acted as a supporter and ideological supporter of the Umayyad government, in some cases religious leaders have stood in front of the Umayyad government relying on the teachings of this sect. The question of the present research is, what was the encounter with the Umayyads in the eastern lands of the Caliphate? It is assumed that the groups of the reference did not reflect their Arabist policies and unfair discriminations and started to fight against it. The current research is organized by relying on historical sources and descriptive and analytical methods.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the wife's right to employment and how it conflicts with the husband's right of obedience in jurisprudence, civil law and judicial procedure. The research method is descriptive-analytical and the results indicate that the right to employment is one of the fundamental freedoms and fundamental rights of every individual. Women also have this right as members of human society. The issue of women's employment has been considered and approved in international documents and domestic laws of Iran. In Islam and the laws in question, on the one hand, financial independence is accepted in the woman's business, and on the other hand, the husband's dominion over the family and his right of obedience has created a restriction for the wife in employment. Employment, especially working outside the home, requires the wife to leave the home, while leaving the home may conflict with her obedience to her husband and the protection of the family. In this article, the issue of women's employment in international documents, domestic laws and jurisprudence and its relationship with the right of obedience of men is examined.

The scholars and elders of each religion are very important to their followers. The position of Imam Reza (as) and his grateful tomb have always been popular throughout the history of the people, including Muslim geographers. Also, various groups of people have always tried to maintain their religious sites. The collection of buildings and places of honor Aliben- Mussi -al- Reza (AS) is considered to be very beautiful artwork. Because in each of its parts there is a work of art. The appearance of verandahs, porches and flower beds is designed specially by architects and engineers and is made with special designs and numerous architectural, tiling, mirroring, gilding, painting, carving, calligraphy and inscriptions in the courtyard Nourani Imam Reza (AS) and his mausoleum are a reminder of the various artistic manifestations of Iran's different period from the third century AH that fascinated the wonder and beauty of the art as well as the travelers and geographers.
The present article tries to identify the viewpoints of tourists and geographers about Imam Reza (AS) with a historical, analytical and descriptive approach. In this research, first, Imam Reza (as) enters Maraw and his martyrdom and then goes to the viewpoint of travelers and geographers about their tomb. By studying the historical and analytical sources of available resources, it seems that the appearance of porches, porches and flower beds, specially designed by architects and engineers, is made with special designs,